Road Side Apollo 8

When I have a chance to drive across country I look for new roads and new sights. That’s part of the fun of traveling, to see and learn about new places and ideas. But I also look for remembered sites, places I have seen before and remember with enthusiasm.

On a recent trip into the mid-west, I drove across Ohio on Interstate 70. Not always the best way to see the country, but I was in a hurry to get back home. While I was on the road I looked for a remembered place. I would often drive that road in the 1970s. I had favorite places along that route that I liked to see. There was a campground outside of Indianapolis, where I could stop and pitch my tent and spend the night. I often stopped there back in those days, nearly 50 years ago. I looked for it on this trip and may have seen it on the south side of the road. But now it was more modern, and there were more recreational vehicles than there were sites for tents or small trailers.

The other place I looked for along that road was a barn. It was an old barn even 50 years ago. I would see it whenever I drove back and forth to Chicago. This barn stood out from the others I would see along that rural route. It was not big, but it had a mural painted on the side that faced the road. The barn was less than 500 yards from the road and was well cared for as were the house next to it and the fields surrounding it. What made this barn stand out was the mural of the Earth rising over a lunar landscape, as seen during Apollo 8’s 1968 orbit across the far side of the moon.

At the time it was a very famous picture. Its image or images based on it could be seen in many places. People were fascinated by it. It was views like this that caused the popularization of the phrase ”big blue marble” as that was what the earth looked like from space. It was also pictures like this that tugged at the American consciousness, and perhaps the international consciousness, of how beautiful, and yet how fragile, our home, Earth, actually might be. These were the early days of the environmental movement. The government of the United States worked with the people of the United States to pass legislation to improve and protect the environment in which we all live. The Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Endangered Species Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act were all enacted in the 1970s. The people wanted these laws enacted to improve and protect the environment and human health, and the government responded.

When I would see that barn, well into the 1970s, I would feel pride in our accomplishments in space and in protection of the environment. And I knew that the people who had painted this mural on their barn felt a similar pride. We accomplished a great deal in the 1970s and into the 1980s. The environment is now cleaner. Pollution is now less. And yes, yards and roadsides and the air and water are now cleaner than they had been in the 1950s and 1960s, because of environmental action. It was a great time in which improvements were everywhere. And it still a great time, and the potential to change and improve continuous all around us. It is on our curb, in our front yard, in our town, in our nation, and in the international community at large. But each of us must still act to protect it! It is our responsibility.

On this recent trip. I did not see the barn with its iconic “Earth-rise”. I may have been removed or it might have collapsed due to age. It might be a parking lot now. But the image with always be with us. That picture of our fragile home hung in the blackness of space can always remind us of the necessity to keep it clean and to improve it for its growing population.

Thank you to whoever you were that painted that mural. Perhaps I will see another on my next cross country trip.

Hotel Flower

I have been away from my keyboard, but I am back now. An unexpected emergency caused me to have to travel out of state.

Picture yourself on a journey, you are walking down an unfamiliar sidewalk in a familiar – but unfamiliar – part of a town. But it is an area that you used to know so well. It has changed. Everyone you see is a stranger, and who knows, perhaps a potential danger. But they don’t seem to be paying attention to you as you walk down this unfamiliar sidewalk. You are no longer a citizen and neighbor; you are now a visitor within their gates. You are an outsider. What do they think of your being here?.

You furtively glance around to see if there is danger from any side. You can feel eyes looking in your direction. Some are actually watching you walk down the sidewalk. It’s like being in the woods, and knowing something, perhaps a deer or rabbit, perhaps a wolf or bear, is watching you pass through their territory.

You feel a cool breeze – and suddenly something catches your eye. It is movement on your right, a flash of white. You turn towards it.

Being in an unfamiliar place can be scary. And among the things we might look for as we glance around is an exit, or maybe a friendly gesture. We look for something familiar. We look for something that might give us a moments peace. We seek for reassurance that we are not in danger.

On my recent trip this is what I felt. And on one afternoon when I came back from a day of hard work, I saw this flash of white, and when I looked at it I saw the familiar. It was a flower waving in the sunshine. It was among in the plantings in front of the hotel entrance.

I was not in my garden. I was in a different place. I felt alone, but I was not alone. I was surrounded by millions of people in the home of the tallest building in the United States.

I am back in Chicago. The lake is close. The grand parks are nearby. The forest preserves are a short trip to the west. But here in this place is steel rising above asphalt streets that lie above subway trains and utility pipes. The steel and stone of the buildings rise to staggering heights. And here in their shadow and the heat of the afternoon streets is a flower bed with blooms of late summer.

They are Autumn clematis (Clematis ternifolia). They are blossoming after others of the clematis family have faded from their spring time glory. These hardy flowering plants brightens a late summer day with their massed blooms waving above their planted bed in a breeze from the lake.

I stop and gaze at the massed blossoms in the planted bed. Just the sight of them carries me to cool, dark woods far from the city.

But I hear something behind me.

Someone has said hell-o. And I turn and respond with a thankful smile, and a hell-o.

Just a Note – An Opportunity

Where there is hope – there is Opportunity.

In June of last year, we were told by NASA that the 14 year mission of Rover Opportunity might be coming to an end. The rover was caught in a planet-encircling dust storm. This did not allow light from the sun to reach the rover’s solar panels, and her battery were becoming drained.

This year NASA tried to get Opportunity up and running, but their best efforts did not work. NASA sent one more transmission to Opportunity on 12 February, 2019, but no response was received. The following day NASA announced that the mission was concluded.

At least the roving part is completed. Years will be spent by scientists and geologists and engineers pouring over the treasure trove of data sent back by Opportunity. All that information will improve the likelihood of another outstanding success in a future mission to Mars – or beyond.

If Opportunity had a middle name it would be Success. The rover was originally planned as a 90-day mission. Opportunity lasted for 14 years. Her sister rover, Spirit, lasted about half as long, but also well beyond her planned 90-day mission

Why mentioned them now, nearly 6 months after the conclusion of the mission? Because they are a model for success, and we should always talk about success. Plus I’ve been hoping that we would hear from her.

Maybe someday an astronaut will walk up and dust off her panels, and Opportunity will say, “Welcome to Mars”.

Image is derived from photos on the NASA Mars Mission website, https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/ . The background is of Opportunity’s last panorama picture.

More information on the rovers and future missions to Mars may be found there. MER stands for “Mars Exploration Rover”.

Shadow of a Song –

Earlier this year, I had the opportunity to drive across the country. I was going from the east coast to central New Mexico. I intended to take advantage of the time on the road and see as many sights as I could.

The trip was in the Spring. There is not a better time of year to travel. Its cooler, and we would not be running into the larger summer crowds. I have made the drive several times before, but by different routes. I always enjoy it. This is a beautiful country, full of beautiful people most of whom are happy to tell you the best place to eat, the best routes, and the sights in their state not to miss. When traveling, the old adage, “You can draw more flies with honey than with vinegar,” is excellent advice. People are friendly. And I believe they are more than willing to help someone who asks them a question. Especially about their hometown. It all has to do with Sense of Place. The people you meet are at home, and are generally proud of their home, and are happy to brag about it.

When I am traveling this far I like to stop and see the country, and what better places to go and see than our National Parks. We decided to first go to Arizona and see the Grand Canyon; we would circle back to New Mexico. I had been to the Grand Canyon twice before, but it is always worth the trip. The first time I saw it was in 1971 on my way to California. but I drove past Winslow, Arizona without a thought (1). At that time, I had not heard of The Eagles or any of their music, so going past Winslow made no difference to me. I was heading to California for duty in the Navy.

However, during the early 1970s in southern California I heard numerous songs by the Eagles. They fit a shift I was making in what I listened to on the radio. So when I first heard the song “Take it Easy” (2) by The Eagles, like many people, I was hooked. It had a bit of a country feel to it, but I felt it to be more of a folk ballad of missed opportunity. And it fit my life.

When I drove back east from California in 1974, I went past Winslow again. But this time when I saw the sign for the turnoff, I started singing the song, but I zoomed past heading east on I-40. I would stop sometime in the future.

It would be 45 years before I came to Winslow again. In 2019, after seeing the Grand Canyon, we had turned around and were heading east to Albuquerque. The Grand Canyon had been a terrific extension of our trip (3).

This time I would go into Winslow and see what there was to see. Maybe I would find that corner and stop, and take it easy.

In 1999 the City of Winslow had selected the corner of Second St. & Kinsley Ave. as an appropriate place to erect a statue and to create a mural of the scene that reflects the story of the song. I was glad to see the statue and mural and to know that others had an attachment to the song and the story it told.

The morning was cool so after we visited the statue and mural we crossed the street for a cup of coffee and a sweet roll. When we came out we walked around for a while and then went past the statue on the corner on the way to our car.

I saw several people around the statue and the mural. I was happy to see others had come out to pay homage to their youth. We were grey beards all.

“Lighten up while you still can
Don’t even try to understand
Just find a place to make your stand
And take it easy.”

(1). I did stop at the Meteor Crater and then got back on the road heading west. I wrote about my experience in my post of 27 January 2019, “Meteor Crater”.

(2). Lyrics of “Take it Easy” may be found at, https://www.lyricsfreak.com/e/eagles/take+it+easy_20044576.html .

(3). You can read my post about that experience in my article of 18 March, “Grand Canyon – Sweet”.

The City has an annual festival centered on the song. Information about the festival may be found at; https://winslowarizona.org/event/annual-standin-on-the-corner-festival/ .

UPDate – India Launches Chandrayaan-2 to the Moon

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) issued a press release today that India successfully launched their Chandrayaan-2 mission to the Moon. After reaching its orbit around the Earth, the spacecraft will begin its nearly 60-day journey. The landing on the Moon is scheduled for September 7, 2019.

ISRO chairman, Dr. K. Sivan stated, ““Today is the beginning of the historical journey of India towards Moon … .” It truly is as India continues its scientific quest to aid humanity to reach out to the moon – and beyond.

We congratulate India on their success and look forward to a soft landing.

And we recall the lines from Robert Heinlein’s story, “The Green Hills of Earth,

Up leaps a race of Earthmen,
Out, far, and onward yet —“.

This is an update to my post of 21 July, 2019, “Back to the Moon!” which speaks to the several nations that are reaching out for the Moon to expand our understand of that body and the to reach outward beyond that.

The image is combination of a launch picture from the NBC News website, and the badge of the ISRO.

The ISRO press release may be found at: https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-jul-2019/gslv-mkiii-m1-successfully-launches-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft .

Back to the Moon!

Today is the 50th anniversary of mankind’s first landing on the Moon. We celebrate the men and women of the United States , and truly of all nations, who worked to make the event happen, and who celebrate it’s reality. We all look forward to “peace for all mankind”.

Did any other story of the future written by Robert Heinlein look to the future with such a clear gaze. The character, D.D. Harriman in the 1940 science fiction story, The Man Who Sold the Moon, faces the reality that comes to all visionaries. What’s on the moon and how do you get people to buy it. At the very start of the story Mr. Harriman’s partner says to him, “… and don’t give me any guff about tourist trade and fabulous lunar jewels. I’ve had it.”

Today and this week and this year the moon is being sold; and its being bought. Again this is by visionaries. But are they right.? Is there profit to made on the moon? Can whatever resources that lie on its surface or buried in the moon’s crust and its interior be found and recovered for use?

This is the question that some forward thinkers are trying to answer.

The Washington Post’s lead article in the Business section on 17 February, 2019, “The Moon is Suddenly White Hot”, explores the current activities of nations and individuals/corporations who are sending landers to the Moon to start scratching the surface to determine if there are “lunar jewels” that can easily be picked up.

First what are these jewels? First of all there is the question of whether there is water on the moon. This is followed by questions related to the value and usability of minerals and compounds that may be found on the moon and put to use in industry. What are they? Where are they? Can they be mined (picked up even) and processed? Will they need to be brought back to earth for processing or can that be done on the moon, in situ? And is there a profit in it?

We don’t know the answer to these questions yet. That’s why nations and corporations are sinking hundreds and thousands of millions of dollars into making a soft landing on the moon and roving around and finding out the answers to our questions. And at this time we aren’t even talking about getting people, men and women, back onto the lunar surface.

Last year China succeeded in a soft landing of Chang’e 4 on the far side of the moon. Their rover is currently “asleep” as the sun is on the near-side of the moon and the far-side is in truth the dark-side. When the sun returns to the far-side of the moon, the rover, Yutu, will continue its mission of investigating the Moon’s magnetic filed, and analysis of the surface dust as well as a seismometer to study the interior of the moon.

Israel Space Industries (ISI) with their partners attempted to make a soft landing with their Beersheet mission, but their lander failed and crashed into the moon’s surface in April.. The lander mission was to study  the Moon’s magnetic field. Initially they said they would try again. But ISI and its partners have said they will not make a second attempt – just yet. I can only imagine that they will make another attempt. There are not only riches at stake, but a good bit of national pride.

India is next up with their Chandrayaan-2 mission. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) mission has an orbiter, and a lander with a rover. The launch is scheduled for Monday, 22 July. The elements of the mission include the orbiter which will survey the surface of the Moon and the rover which will study the surface material as well as the make-up of the moon to a depth of 10 meters and beyond. 

The U.S. has long range plans for landing men and women back on the moon. Russia also has this as a goal. However, we are likely ten years away from either to make a serious attempt. Both nations intend to send unmanned missions to the lunar surface before then.

Mr. Davenport in his Washington Post article, “The Moon is Suddenly White Hot”, comments “… the moon is drawing investors and explorers the way the promise of the American West once did.” A great deal of the effort on the moon will focus on the Moon’s south polar region where it is thought that there may be the possibility of extracting weather from the minerals of the Moon.

That would truly be a “Lunar Jewel”!

Articles reviewed for this post include:

The Moon is Suddenly White Hot” in the Washington Post ,February 17, 2019, print edition; by Christian Davenport

Israel Today, 19 February 2019, “Israeli spacecraft scheduled for liftoff on Friday”, February 19, 2019: https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/israel-to-the-moon/

New York Times, India’s Shooting for the Moon, and the Country Is Pumped; https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/14/world/asia/india-moon-landing.html

Chemistry World 15 July 2019, What is the moon made of?, by Mike Sutton, https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/what-is-the-moon-made-of/3010686.article

Art work based on “The Moon is Suddenly White Hot” in the Washington Post ,February 17, 2019 and Robert Heinlein’s book, The Man Who sold the Moon, Signet Edition, 1951.

UPDate – Chang’e-4 slumbers

Its night time on the far side of the moon. On 11 July the China National Space Administration (CNSA) announced it had sent commands to its Chang’e-4 probe on the far side of the moon to go into its dormant state. The lander and the rover will both ‘sleep’ through the 14 day lunar night before they are sent commands to wake up and continue the mission. The lander and rover require sunlight to charge their electrical systems and so can only operate during the moon’s daytime. For the moon to completely rotate on its axis and the sunlight to return, takes approximately 29 days. The nighttime, when there is no sun, and the daytime, when the sun’s light reaches the surface of the far side of the moon, are both approximately 14.5 days. The progress of the lunar days across the surface of the moon can be easily seen from Earth in the changes phases of the moon.

However, as explained in the CNSA 11 July report, “As a result of the tidal locking effect [between the Earth and the Moon], the moon’s revolution cycle is the same as its rotation cycle, and the same side always faces Earth.”

This synchronicity has historically caused the far-side of the moon to remain unseen and a mystery (1). That is until the early days of humanity’s first tentative steps into space. In  October 1959 a lunar probe, Luna 3, launched by the Soviet Union, sent back pictures of the far side of the moon. The first humans to see the far side of the moon were the American astronauts in Apollo 8 as they orbited the moon (10 times) in December 1968.

There is still a great deal to discover about the moon, both on the far side and on the side that faces the earth. The return of the sun, and the return of the Chang’e-4 probe to its mission, may enable further discoveries and help humanity to heighten the potential of humanity’s return to the moon – and to go beyond.

The pictures at the top include (upper) a picture from the current Chinese mission on the moon, and two pictures (lower) from Apollo 8.

The link to the Change-4 mission: http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465719/c6806820/content.html

Apollo 8 mission: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-8/in-depth/

(1) Lil Wayne’s song “Dark Side of the Moon” – with Nicki Minaj – speaks to the mystery of the far side of the moon. – “On the dark side of the moon
I’ll be waiting, I’ll be waiting for you
On the dark side of the moon
And If you happen to get there before me
Leave a message in the dust just for me
If I don’t see it I’ll be waiting for you
On the dark side of the moon (yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah)” (Lyrics copied from https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/lilwayne/darksideofthemoon.html .)

UPDate – Mars Mole– Sol 213

The Mole is stuck, but there may not be anything touching it.

NASA and its partner Germany’s DLR are still trying to figure if they can get the inSight Mole unstuck. According to an article published by NASA on 5 July, the team now believes that the Mole has created a cavity so that there is no soil surrounding it. The Mole needs interaction (touching) the Martian soil in order to move forward/downwards. Without the surrounding soil the Mole cannot penetrate further.

The problematic void may be like a cavity formed under a “bridge” similar to a bridge/arch that can form in bulk carrier cargo vessels. Due to normal vibration during the voyage or in the unloading process, a bridge or an arch of the material being transported/unloaded can form across the material. The bridge/arch will not allow the material above it to fall into the cavity created by the unloading process. The bridge/arch may have been formed by the Mole in the Martian soil due to the vibration of the mole mechanism. These vibrations may have caused the material below the bridge/arch to collapse. The bridge/arch does not allow the Martian soil which the Mole has already penetrated to collapse into the cavity.  If the material were able to collapse into the cavity perhaps the Mole could progress to is mission depth.

The pictures in this article show that NASA has moved the Mole mechanism from above the mole hole. The hole is indicated by the yellow arrow. The placement of the feet of the mechanism are shown by orange semi-circles. The tether that provides energy to the Mole and which allows data transmission up to the lander is shown by the curved green line. NASA will have to ensure that when it places the mechanism back over the hole that the tether is not crimped or broken.

In my original post on the inSight lander (4/4/2019 – Mars inSight H-P cubed) I asked whether it would be possible to remove the Mole and start at another location. The answer is no; the Mole cannot be extracted. There is no way to extract the Mole and then reload it into its mechanism so it could start again. And even if it did, would it only form another cavity and be in a similar situation?

Links to two articles on bridging are given below. The key to preventing bridging in earth-bound hoppers is control of material flow based on its cohesion and friction on the sides of the container. On Mars, well, it’s different. In the case were a bridge/arch forms, it is generally necessary to shock/vibrate the material so it will start to flow. In the case of the Mole, a shock might allow bridge arch to collapse filling the cavity with soil and the Mole may be able to move forward again.

Right now, according to current thinking, the Mole is probably dangling in this cavity. It needs material around it to move. Maybe if there was a nine-pound hammer on the lander it could give the area close to the hole a good whack.  But that is not the case.

We all hope that the NASA/DLR team will be able to develop a means for the mole to move forward again.

The source information and the pictures for this article may be found at https://phys.org/news/2019-07-nasa-insight-mole.html .

Articles on bridging in hoppers on earth:

  1. https://velodynesystems.com/blog/2016/06/09/what-is-product-bridging-and-rat-holing-and-how-can-it-be-prevented/
  2. https://accendoreliability.com/bridging-silos-hoppers/

Long Range F.O.X.

Who is up for a nice long walk? How about a trek across 2,000 plus miles of frozen ice north of the Arctic Circle?

A young, female Artic Fox was ready for it, and so off she went. She walked (or picturing a fox, she trotted) from Norway’s Svalbard archipelago (well west of Norway in the Arctic Ocean.) to Ellesmere Island well to the east of mainland Canada. She had previously been fitted with a radio collar by the Norwegian Polar Institute and was tracked as she covered the 2,175 miles. The straight-line distance between the two points is 935 miles. So, it is evident that the fox wandered a bit on her path. Her path took her across the frozen Arctic Ocean and across, or if she stayed on the frozen sea ice (which I doubt) near to, the northern end of Greenland. According to The Guardian article in which I first read about the fox, she took 76 days to make the trek. That gives an average distance of 29 miles per day. The article also stated that she walked an astonishing 96 miles on one of those days. Why the burst of speed? Maybe she saw what she was following and wanted to get closer. Perhaps something was following her, and she wanted to get away.

What could have been the reason for such a walk? Its reason enough for me just to see what’s on the other side of the distant hills. But a walk of this distance is much, much further than I have ever walked. At one time I had entertained the idea of walking across the United States, but for numerous reasons that did not happen. However, I generally walk between 600 and 800 miles in a year. That may be no great distance compared to hikers and walkers of a higher order. But for me, each mile and each hour spent outside enjoying whatever weather the day grants me, is a delight. The enjoyment can be multiplied by the animals and other people I might meet on the trail.

Which reminds me of a verse from a great hiking song – The Happy Wanderer, or “I love to go a-wandering”.

“I wave my hat to all I meet
    And They wave back to me
       And blackbirds call so loud and sweet
          From ev’ry green wood tree”.

I wonder what the little fox met along her track. Were there other foxes? Perhaps she saw a polar bear, and perhaps the bear’s attention was why she put in the 96 mile day. Did she see a narwhale rising at its breathing hole, first its pike piercing the air and then its rounded form lifting high out of the water. Or perhaps she heard the singing of the Beluga whale.

When the fox started her trek in March 2018, her fur may have still been pure white. She blended in well with the ice and snow all around her. When she arrived in Ellesmere Island in July she was likely covered in her summer coat of brown. The Artic Fox changes color throughout the year in order to match the seasonal landscape of her environment. In Winter, she is white. In Summer, she is brown to dark brown to black. And in-between her fur is changing and has a grizzled appearance. This in-between “morph” is called Blue. So, often the Artic Fox is called the Blue Fox. Wikipedia has good article, titled Artic Fox. It describes her well, and has excellent pictures of the fox in its habitat and in its different colorations.

The little vixen’s trek across the Arctic Ocean was doubtlessly a grueling journey. I hope she found what she was looking for.

The Wikipedia article may be found at, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_fox .

The full lyrics for The Happy Wanderer may  be found at, https://www.oldielyrics.com/lyrics/frank_weir/the_happy_wanderer.html .

The map in the art work is from Google Earth. The dotted line between the starting point and the arrival point on Ellesmere Island indicates a supposed path in order to show the distance the fox trotted. The picture of the fox is taken from The Guardian, https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/fantastic-arctic-fox-animal-walks-3500km-from-norway-to-canada/ar-AADJfsy?li=BBnbfcL&ocid=spartandhp .

At’ta boy, Boaty

First of all – it’s good to be back. I apologize for the lengthy dry spell in my blogs, but it could not be helped (see blog post “Sorry-but there was an accident”, 6/29). I am glad to be back. And I am very glad that you are back reading my articles. I hope that my recovery will soon allow me to get back out to experience the joy of long hikes in the woods.

Recently, there have been numerous articles regrading Boaty McBoatface, and I want to salute the vessel, the drone, the scientists, and the findings.

First the vessel. You may remember in 2016 there was a public request by a British government bureau, the British Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), to submit names for a new scientific vessel. The vessel was a 425 foot (129 meter), $300 million ocean-going ice breaker and research vessel dedicated to the study of the oceans of the Antarctic regions.

I need to mention the importance of the protein provided by the oceans to the world’s population. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in 2014 “ten percent of the world’s population depends on fisheries for their livelihoods, and 4.3 billion people are reliant on fish for 15 percent of their animal protein intake.” [1] The oceans are an important resource and must be studied and protected.

The name for the vessel that the majority of people, those who visited the NERC website, recommended was Boaty McBoatface. I believe the world agreed it was a very funny, but a rather silly, name for a vessel of its size and importance.

The vessel, due to its expense and significance, was eventually named Royal Research Ship (RRS) David Attenborough after the famed broadcaster and natural historian. This name had also scored highly on the NERC website. But what then to do with that great and popular name of Boaty? The scientific community decided to use the name for a new and important drone vehicle. The new drone was planned for exploration of the oceans and specifically to collect data related to the temperature regions/levels of the ocean water surrounding Antarctica.

The new Boaty McBoatface submersible, is a research drone which can be launched and recovered from a larger research vessel. The submersible drone is a Autosub Long Range (ALR). Boaty McBoatface is the first of its class and is designated ALR-1. According to the NERC, the ALR submersibles can be at sea for weeks to months. This length of time and data gathering capability is far longer than research drones that are currently utilized by the NERC. Other autonomous vehicles of the Boaty class are planned for development, construction, and use for research of the Southern Ocean and perhaps others of the world’s seven seas.

ALR Boaty McBoatface, has been in the news recently for its data collection during its first scientific voyage. The data provides information regarding the effect of increasingly stronger winds on the rise of ocean surface water temperatures. This is one of the many feed-back loops related to global warming. According to an article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS) [2], ALR-1 (Boaty), traveled 112 miles on its first voyage. Its path took it through high walled underwater valleys of the Orkney Passage in the depths of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. The vessel measured temperature, salinity (saltiness), as well as the turbulence at different depths.

The findings of Boaty’s maiden voyage reveal how increasingly stronger winds on the surface of the Southern Ocean create turbulence deep under the surface. This turbulence results in a mixing of the warm water at the middle levels with the colder waters from the depths of the Southern Ocean. This mixing causes the temperature of the waters in the lower level to warm and move upward through the water column. This can be a significant factor in rising sea levels. As the warmer water raises the overall ocean temperature, the water tends to expand due to the warming and thus causes the sea level to rise. If the deep-water warming contributes to a warming of the ocean’s surface waters this may increase the rate of evaporation from the surface into the atmosphere which can contribute to more rain and snow inland and greater strength to ocean storms.

According to the PNAS article, the significance of the findings of this previously undocumented mixing mechanism of the overturning circulation in the Southern Ocean is a better understanding that the deep-ocean waters are rapidly laundered through intensified near-boundary turbulence and boundary–interior exchange. As the conditions triggering this mechanism are common to other branches of the overturning circulation, the findings highlight a requirement for representing the newly-understood circulation in computer models of the overturning in the Southern Ocean and its effect of rising ocean water temperatures.

Congratulations to Boaty and the entire research team.

The artwork for this blog post is based on Figure 2 of the PNAS article (graph (D) showing the potential vorticity in red and blue and the neutral density of the deep water shown by the black contour lines). The image of the ALR-1 is taken from the internet.


[1] http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/248479/icode/, Oceans crucial for our climate, food and nutrition

[2] Rapid mixing and exchange of deep-ocean waters in an abyssal boundary current, PNAS first published June 18, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904087116